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title	description	slug	section
DID & DDO	Specification of decentralized identifiers for assets in Ocean Protocol using the DID & DDO standards.	/concepts/did-ddo/	concepts

v4.0.0

Overview

This document describes how Ocean assets follow the DID/DDO specification, such that Ocean assets can inherit DID/DDO benefits and enhance interoperability. DIDs and DDOs follow the specification defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) are a type of identifier that enable verifiable, decentralized digital identity. Each DID is associated with a unique entity and DIDs may represent humans, objects, and more.

A DID Document (DDO) is a JSON blob that holds information about the DID. Given a DID, a resolver will return the DDO of that DID.

Rules for DIDs & DDOs

An asset in Ocean represents a downloadable file, compute service, or similar. Each asset is a resource under control of a publisher. The Ocean network itself does not store the actual resource (e.g. files).

An asset has a DID and DDO. The DDO should include metadata about the asset, and define access in at least one service. The DDO can only be modified by owners or delegated users.

All DDOs are stored on-chain in encrypted form to be fully GDPR-compatible. A metadata cache like Aquarius can help in reading, decrypting, and searching through encrypted DDO data from the chain. Because the file URLs are encrypted on top of the full DDO encryption, returning unencrypted DDOs e.g. via an API is safe to do as the file URLs will still stay encrypted.

Publishing & Retrieving DDOs

The DDO is stored on-chain as part of the NFT contract and it is stored encrypted using the private key of the Provider. To resolve it, a metadata cache like Aquarius must query the provider to decrypt the DDO.

Here is the complete flow:

UML source

title DDO flow

User(Ocean library) -> User(Ocean library): Prepare DDO
User(Ocean library) -> Provider: encrypt DDO
Provider -> User(Ocean library): encryptedDDO
User(Ocean library) -> ERC721 contract: publish encryptedDDO
Aquarius <-> ERC721 contract: monitors ERC721 contract and gets MetdadataCreated Event (contains encryptedDDO)
Aquarius -> ERC721 contract: calls getMetaData()
Aquarius -> Provider: decrypt encryptedDDO, signed request using Aquarius's private key
Provider -> ERC721 contract: checks state using getMetaData()
Provider -> Provider: depending on metadataState (expired,retired) and aquarius address, validates the request
Provider -> Aquarius: DDO
Aquarius -> Aquarius : validate DDO
Aquarius -> Aquarius : cache DDO
Aquarius -> Aquarius : enhance cached DDO in response with additional infos like `events` & `stats`

DID

In Ocean, a DID is a string that looks like this:

did:op:0ebed8226ada17fde24b6bf2b95d27f8f05fcce09139ff5cec31f6d81a7cd2ea

The part after did:op: is the checksum of the ERC721 contract address and the chain the asset has been published to:

const checksum = sha256(ERC721 contract address + chainId)
console.log(checksum)
// 0ebed8226ada17fde24b6bf2b95d27f8f05fcce09139ff5cec31f6d81a7cd2ea

It follows the generic DID scheme.

DDO

A DDO in Ocean has these required attributes:

Attribute	Type	Description
`@context`	Array of `string`	Contexts used for validation.
`id`	`string`	Computed as `sha256(address of ERC721 contract + chainId)`.
`version`	`string`	Version information in SemVer notation referring to this DDO spec version, like `4.0.0`.
`chainId`	`number`	Stores chainId of the network the DDO was published to.
`created`	`ISO Date Time string`	Contains the date of publishing in ISO Date Time Format, e.g. `2000-10-31T01:30:00`.
`updated`	`ISO Date Time string`	Contains the the date of last update in ISO Date Time Format, e.g. `2000-10-31T01:30:00`.
`metadata`	Metadata	Stores an object describing the asset.
`services`	Services	Stores an array of services defining access to the asset.
`credentials`	Credentials	Describes the credentials needed to access a dataset in addition to the `services` definition.

Metadata

This object holds information describing the actual asset.

Attribute	Type	Required	Description
`description`	`string`	✓	Details of what the resource is. For a dataset, this attribute explains what the data represents and what it can be used for.
`copyrightHolder`	`string`		The party holding the legal copyright. Empty by default.
`name`	`string`	✓	Descriptive name or title of the asset.
`type`	`string`	✓	Asset type. Includes `"dataset"` (e.g. csv file), `"algorithm"` (e.g. Python script). Each type needs a different subset of metadata attributes.
`author`	`string`	✓	Name of the entity generating this data (e.g. Tfl, Disney Corp, etc.).
`license`	`string`	✓	Short name referencing the license of the asset (e.g. Public Domain, CC-0, CC-BY, No License Specified, etc. ). If it's not specified, the following value will be added: "No License Specified".
`links`	Array of `string`		Mapping of URL strings for data samples, or links to find out more information. Links may be to either a URL or another asset.
`contentLanguage`	`string`		The language of the content. Use one of the language codes from the IETF BCP 47 standard
`categories`	Array of `string`		Optional array of categories associated to the asset. Note: recommended to use `tags` instead of this.
`tags`	Array of `string`		Array of keywords or tags used to describe this content. Empty by default.
`additionalInformation`	Object		Stores additional information, this is customizable by publisher
`algorithm`	Algorithm Metadata	✓ (for algorithm assets only)	Information about asset of `type` `algorithm`

Example:

{
  "metadata": {
    "description": "Sample description",
    "name": "Sample asset",
    "type": "dataset",
    "author": "OPF",
    "license": "https://market.oceanprotocol.com/terms"
  }
}

Algorithm Metadata

An asset of type algorithm has additional attributes under metadata.algorithm, describing the algorithm and the Docker environment it is supposed to be run under.

Attribute	Type	Required	Description
`language`	`string`		Language used to implement the software.
`version`	`string`		Version of the software preferably in SemVer notation. E.g. `1.0.0`.
`container`	`container`	✓	Object describing the Docker container image. See below

The container object has the following attributes defining the Docker image for running the algorithm:

Attribute	Type	Required	Description
`entrypoint`	`string`	✓	The command to execute, or script to run inside the Docker image.
`image`	`string`	✓	Name of the Docker image.
`tag`	`string`	✓	Tag of the Docker image.
`checksum`	`string`	✓	Checksum of the Docker image.

{
  "metadata": {
    "description": "Sample description",
    "name": "Sample algorithm asset",
    "type": "algorithm",
    "author": "OPF",
    "license": "https://market.oceanprotocol.com/terms",
    "algorithm": {
      "language": "Node.js",
      "version": "1.0.0",
      "container": {
        "entrypoint": "node $ALGO",
        "image": "ubuntu",
        "tag": "latest",
        "checksum": "44e10daa6637893f4276bb8d7301eb35306ece50f61ca34dcab550"
      }
    }
  }
}

Services

Services define the access for an asset, and each service is represented by its respective datatoken.

An asset should have at least one service to be actually accessible, and can have as many services which make sense for a specific use case.

Attribute	Type	Required	Description
`id`	`string`	✓	Unique ID
`type`	`string`	✓	Type of service (`access`, `compute`, `wss`, etc.
`name`	`string`		Service friendly name
`description`	`string`		Service description
`datatokenAddress`	`string`	✓	Datatoken address
`serviceEndpoint`	`string`	✓	Provider URL (schema + host)
`files`	Files	/	Encrypted file URLs.
`timeout`	`number`	✓	Describing how long the service can be used after consumption is initiated. A timeout of `0` represents no time limit. Expressed in seconds.
`privacy`	Privacy	✓ (for compute assets only)	If service is of `type` `compute`, holds information about the compute-related privacy settings.
`resources`	Resources	✓ (for compute assets only)	If service is of `type` `compute`, holds information about the compute-related resources.

Files

The files field is returned as a string which holds the encrypted file URLs.

Example:

{
  "files": "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"
}

During the publish process, file URLs must be encrypted with a respective Provider API call before storing the DDO on-chain. For this an array of strings with one or multiple URLs is what gets encrypted and send to Provider:

["https://url.com/file1.csv", "https://url.com/file2.csv"]

To get information about the files after encryption, the /fileinfo endpoint of Provider returns based on a passed DID an array of file metadata:

[
  {
    "contentLength": 100,
    "contentType": "application/json"
  },
  {
    "contentLength": 130,
    "contentType": "application/text"
  }
]

This only concerns metadata about a file, but never the file URLs. The only way to decrypt them is to exchange at least 1 datatoken based on the respective service pricing scheme.

Compute Resources

An asset with a service of type compute has the following additional attributes under the resources object. This object is required if the asset is of type compute, but can be omitted for type of access.

Attribute	Type	Required	Description
`namespace`	`string`	✓	Namespaced used for the compute job. Defaults to 'ocean-compute'.
`cpus`	`number`		Maximum number of CPUs allocated for a job
`gpus`	`number`		Maximum number of GPUs allocated for a job
`gpuType`	`string`		Type of GPU (if any)
`memory`	`string`		Maximum amount of memory allocated for a job. You can express memory as a plain integer or as a fixed-point number using one of these suffixes: E, P, T, G, M, k. You can also use the power-of-two equivalents: Ei, Pi, Ti, Gi, Mi, Ki. For example, the following represent roughly the same value: 128974848, 129e6, 129M, 123Mi
`volumeSize`	`string`		Amount of disk space allocated. You can express it as a plain integer or as a fixed-point number using one of these suffixes: E, P, T, G, M, k. You can also use the power-of-two equivalents: Ei, Pi, Ti, Gi, Mi, Ki.

Compute Privacy

An asset with a service of type compute has the following additional attributes under the privacy object. This object is required if the asset is of type compute, but can be omitted for type of access.

Attribute	Type	Required	Description
`allowRawAlgorithm`	`boolean`	✓	If `true`, any passed raw text will be allowed to run. Useful for an algorithm drag & drop use case, but increases risk of data escape through malicious user input. Should be `false` by default in all implementations.
`allowNetworkAccess`	`boolean`	✓	If `true`, the algorithm job will have network access.
`publisherTrustedAlgorithmPublishers`	Array of `string`	✓	If empty, then any published algorithm is allowed. Otherwise, only published algorithms by some publishers are allowed
`publisherTrustedAlgorithms`	Array of `publisherTrustedAlgorithms`	✓	If empty, then any published algorithm is allowed. (see below)

The publisherTrustedAlgorithms is an array of objects with the following structure:

Attribute	Type	Required	Description
`did`	`string`	✓	The DID of the algorithm which is trusted by the publisher.
`filesChecksum`	`string`	✓	Hash of algorithm's `files` section (as `string`)
`containerSectionChecksum`	`string`	✓	Hash of algorithm's `metadata.algorithm.container` section (as `string`)

To produce filesChecksum:

sha256(JSON.Stringify(algorithm_ddo.services[0].files))

To produce containerSectionChecksum:

sha256(JSON.Stringify(algorithm_ddo.metadata.algorithm.container))

Example:

{
  "services": [
    {
      "type": "access",
      "files": "0x044736da6dae39889ff570c34540f24e5e084f...",
      "name": "Download service",
      "description": "Download service",
      "datatokenAddress": "0x123",
      "serviceEndpoint": "https://myprovider.com",
      "timeout": 0
    },
    {
      "type": "compute",
      "files": "0x6dd05e0edb460623c843a263291ebe757c1eb3...",
      "name": "Compute service",
      "description": "Compute service",
      "datatokenAddress": "0x124",
      "serviceEndpoint": "https://myprovider.com",
      "timeout": 0,
      "resources":{
         "namespace":"ocean-compute",
         "cpus":2,
         "gpus":4,
         "gpuType":"NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU",
         "memory":"128M",
         "volumeSize":"2G"
      },
      "privacy": {
        "allowRawAlgorithm": false,
        "allowNetworkAccess": true,
        "publisherTrustedAlgorithmPublishers": ["0x234", "0x235"],
        "publisherTrustedAlgorithms": [
          {
            "did": "did:op:123",
            "filesChecksum": "100",
            "containerSectionChecksum": "200"
          },
          {
            "did": "did:op:124",
            "filesChecksum": "110",
            "containerSectionChecksum": "210"
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}

Credentials

By default, a consumer can access a resource if they have 1.0 datatokens. Credentials allow the publisher to optionally specify finer-grained permissions.

Consider a medical data use case, where only a credentialed EU researcher can legally access a given dataset. Ocean supports this as follows: a consumer can only access the resource if they have 1.0 datatokens and one of the specified "allow" credentials.

This is like going to an R-rated movie, where you can only get in if you show both your movie ticket (datatoken) and some identification showing you're old enough (credential).

Only credentials that can be proven are supported. This includes Ethereum public addresses, and in the future W3C Verifiable Credentials and more.

Ocean also supports "deny" credentials: if a consumer has any of these credentials, they can not access the resource.

Here's an example object with both "allow" and "deny" entries:

{
  "credentials": {
    "allow": [
      {
        "type": "address",
        "values": ["0x123", "0x456"]
      }
    ],
    "deny": [
      {
        "type": "address",
        "values": ["0x2222", "0x333"]
      }
    ]
  }
}

DDO Checksum

In order to ensure the integrity of the DDO, a checksum is computed for each DDO:

const checksum = sha256(JSON.stringify(ddo))

The checksum hash is used when publishing/updating metadata using the setMetaData function in the ERC721 contract, and is stored in the event generated by the ERC721 contract:

event MetadataCreated(
  address indexed createdBy,
  uint8 state,
  string decryptorUrl,
  bytes flags,
  bytes data,
  bytes metaDataHash,
  uint256 timestamp,
  uint256 blockNumber
);

event MetadataUpdated(
  address indexed updatedBy,
  uint8 state,
  string decryptorUrl,
  bytes flags,
  bytes data,
  bytes metaDataHash,
  uint256 timestamp,
  uint256 blockNumber
);

Aquarius should always verify the checksum after data is decrypted via a Provider API call.

State

Each asset has a state, which is held by the NFT contract. The possible states are:

State	Description
`0`	Active.
`1`	End-of-life.
`2`	Deprecated (by another asset).
`3`	Revoked by publisher.
`4`	Ordering is temporary disabled.

Aquarius Enhanced DDO Response

The following fields are added by Aquarius in its DDO response for convenience reasons, where an asset returned by Aquarius inherits the DDO fields stored on-chain.

These additional fields are never stored on-chain, and are never taken into consideration when hashing the DDO.

NFT

The nft object contains information about the ERC721 NFT contract which represents the intellectual property of the publisher.

Attribute	Type	Description
`address`	`string`	Contract address of the deployed ERC721 NFT contract.
`name`	`string`	Name of NFT set in contract.
`symbol`	`string`	Symbol of NFT set in contract.
`owner`	`string`	ETH account address of the NFT owner.
`state`	`number`	State of the asset reflecting the NFT contract value. See State

Example:

{
  "nft": {
    "adddress": "0x000000",
    "name": "Ocean Protocol Asset v4",
    "symbol": "OCEAN-A-v4",
    "owner": "0x0000000",
    "state": 0
  }
}

Datatokens

The datatokens array contains information about the ERC20 datatokens attached to asset services.

Attribute	Type	Description
`address`	`string`	Contract address of the deployed ERC20 contract.
`name`	`string`	Name of NFT set in contract.
`symbol`	`string`	Symbol of NFT set in contract.
`serviceId`	`string`	ID of the service the datatoken is attached to.

Example:

{
  "datatokens": [
    {
      "adddress": "0x000000",
      "name": "Datatoken 1",
      "symbol": "DT-1",
      "serviceId": "1"
    },
    {
      "adddress": "0x000001",
      "name": "Datatoken 2",
      "symbol": "DT-2",
      "serviceId": "2"
    }
  ]
}

Event

The event section contains information about the last transaction that created or updated the DDO.

Example:

{
  "event": {
    "tx": "0x8d127de58509be5dfac600792ad24cc9164921571d168bff2f123c7f1cb4b11c",
    "block": 12831214,
    "from": "0xAcca11dbeD4F863Bb3bC2336D3CE5BAC52aa1f83",
    "contract": "0x1a4b70d8c9DcA47cD6D0Fb3c52BB8634CA1C0Fdf"
  }
}

Statistics

The stats section contains different statistics fields.

Attribute	Type	Description
`consumes`	`number`	How often an asset was consumed, meaning how often it was either downloaded or used as part of a compute job.

Example:

{
  "stats": {
    "consumes": 4
  }
}

Full Enhanced DDO Example

{
  "@context": ["https://w3id.org/did/v1"],
  "id": "did:op:ACce67694eD2848dd683c651Dab7Af823b7dd123",
  "created": "2020-11-15T12:27:48Z",
  "updated": "2021-05-17T21:58:02Z",
  "version": "4.0.0",
  "chainId": 1,
  "metadata": {
    "description": "Sample description",
    "name": "Sample asset",
    "type": "dataset",
    "author": "OPF",
    "license": "https://market.oceanprotocol.com/terms"
  },
  "services": [
    {
      "type": "access",
      "files": "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",
      "name": "Download service",
      "description": "Download service",
      "datatokenAddress": "0x123",
      "serviceEndpoint": "https://myprovider.com",
      "timeout": 0
    }
  ],
  "credentials": {
    "allow": [
      {
        "type": "address",
        "values": ["0x123", "0x456"]
      }
    ],
    "deny": [
      {
        "type": "address",
        "values": ["0x2222", "0x333"]
      }
    ]
  },

  // Enhanced Aquarius response begins here
  "nft": {
    "adddress": "0x000000",
    "name": "Ocean Protocol Asset v4",
    "symbol": "OCEAN-A-v4",
    "owner": "0x0000000",
    "state": 0
  },

  "datatokens": [
    {
      "adddress": "0x000000",
      "name": "Datatoken 1",
      "symbol": "DT-1",
      "serviceId": "1"
    },
    {
      "adddress": "0x000001",
      "name": "Datatoken 2",
      "symbol": "DT-2",
      "serviceId": "2"
    }
  ],

  "event": {
    "tx": "0x8d127de58509be5dfac600792ad24cc9164921571d168bff2f123c7f1cb4b11c",
    "block": 12831214,
    "from": "0xAcca11dbeD4F863Bb3bC2336D3CE5BAC52aa1f83",
    "contract": "0x1a4b70d8c9DcA47cD6D0Fb3c52BB8634CA1C0Fdf"
  },

  "stats": {
    "consumes": 4
  }
}

30 KiB Raw Blame History

Overview

Rules for DIDs & DDOs

Publishing & Retrieving DDOs

DID

DDO

Metadata

Algorithm Metadata

Services

Files

Compute Resources

Compute Privacy

Credentials

DDO Checksum

State

Aquarius Enhanced DDO Response

NFT

Datatokens

Event

Statistics

Full Enhanced DDO Example

30 KiB

Raw Blame History