docs/developers/contracts

description
Empowering the Decentralised Data Economy

Contracts

The V4 release of Ocean Protocol introduces a comprehensive and enhanced suite of smart contracts that serve as the backbone of the decentralized data economy. These contracts facilitate secure, transparent, and efficient interactions among data providers, consumers, and ecosystem participants. With the introduction of V4 contracts, Ocean Protocol propels itself forward, delivering substantial functionality, scalability, and flexibility advancements.

The V4 smart contracts have been deployed across multiple networks and are readily accessible through the GitHub repository. The V4 introduces significant enhancements that encompass the following key features:

Data NFTs for Enhanced Data IP Management

In Ocean V3, the publication of a dataset involved deploying an ERC20 "datatoken" contract along with relevant metadata. This process allowed the dataset publisher to claim copyright or exclusive rights to the underlying Intellectual Property (IP). Upon obtaining 1.0 ERC20 datatokens for a particular dataset, users were granted a license to consume that dataset, utilizing the Ocean infrastructure by spending the obtained datatokens.

However, Ocean V3 faced limitations in terms of flexibility. It lacked support for different licenses associated with the same base IP, such as 1-day versus 1-month access, and the transferability of the base IP was not possible. Additionally, the ERC20 datatoken template was hardcoded, restricting customization options.

Ocean V4 effectively tackles these challenges by adopting ERC721 tokens to explicitly represent the base IP as "data NFTs" (Non-Fungible Tokens). Data NFT owners can now deploy ERC20 "datatoken" contracts specific to their data NFTs, with each datatoken contract offering its own distinct licensing terms.

By utilizing ERC721 tokens, Ocean V4 grants data creators greater flexibility and control over licensing arrangements. The introduction of data NFTs allows for the representation of base IP and the creation of customized ERC20 datatoken contracts tailored to individual licensing requirements.

Ocean Protocol V4 Smart Contracts

Publish Flow

Publishing with V4 smart contracts in Ocean Protocol involves a well-defined process that streamlines the publishing of data assets. It provides a systematic approach to ensure efficient management and exchange of data within the Ocean Protocol ecosystem. By leveraging smart contracts, publishers can securely create and deploy data NFTs, allowing them to tokenize and represent their data assets. Additionally, the flexibility of V4 smart contracts enables publishers to define pricing schemas for datatokens, facilitating fair and transparent transactions. This publishing framework empowers data publishers by providing them with greater control and access to a global marketplace, while ensuring trust, immutability, and traceability of their published data assets.

The V4 smart contracts publishing flow can be described as follows:

1. The data publisher initiates the creation of a new data NFT.
2. The data NFT factory deploys the template for the new data NFT.
3. The data NFT template creates the data NFT contract.
4. The address of the newly created data NFT is available to the data publisher.
5. The publisher is now able to create datatokens with pricing schema for the data NFT. To accomplish this, the publisher initiates a call to the data NFT contract, specifically requesting the creation of a new datatoken with a fixed rate schema.
6. The data NFT contract deploys a new datatoken and a fixed rate schema by interacting with the datatoken template contract.
7. The datatoken contract is created (Datatoken-1 contract).
8. The datatoken template generates a new fixed rate schema for Datatoken-1.
9. The address of Datatoken-1 is now available to the data publisher.
10. Optionally, the publisher can create a new datatoken (Datatoken-2) with a free price schema.
11. The data NFT contract interacts with the Datatoken Template contract to create a new datatoken and a dispenser schema.
12. The datatoken templated deploys the Datatoken-2 contract.
13. The datatoken templated creates a dispenser for the Datatoken-2 contract.

Below is a visual representation that illustrates the flow for easier understanding

Publishing flow

Community monetization, to help the community create sustainable businesses.

Ocean V4 brings forth enhanced opportunities for marketplace operators, creating a conducive environment for the emergence of a thriving market of third-party Providers.

With Ocean V4, marketplace operators can unlock additional benefits. Firstly, the V4 smart contracts empower marketplace operators to collect fees not only during data consumption but also through fixed-rate exchanges. This expanded revenue model allows operators to derive more value from the ecosystem. Moreover, in Ocean V4, the marketplace operator has the authority to determine the fee value, providing them with increased control over their pricing strategies.

In addition to empowering marketplace operators, Ocean V4 facilitates the participation of third-party Providers who can offer compute services in exchange for a fee. This paves the way for the development of a diverse marketplace of Providers. This model supports both centralized trusted providers, where data publishers and consumers have established trust relationships, as well as trustless providers that leverage decentralization or other privacy-preserving mechanisms.

By enabling a marketplace of Providers, Ocean V4 fosters competition, innovation, and choice. It creates an ecosystem where various providers can offer their compute services, catering to the diverse needs of data publishers and consumers. Whether based on trust or privacy-preserving mechanisms, this expansion in provider options enhances the overall functionality and accessibility of the Ocean Protocol ecosystem.

Key features of the V4 smart contracts:

• Base IP is now represented by a data NFT, from which a data publisher can create multiple ERC20s datatokens representing different types of access for the same dataset.
• Interoperability with the NFT ecosystem (and DeFi & DAO tools).
• Allows new data NFT & datatoken templates, for flexibility and future-proofing.
• Besides base data IP, you can use data NFTs to implement comments & ratings, verifiable claims, identity credentials, and social media posts. They can point to parent data NFTs, enabling the nesting of comments on comments, or replies to tweets. All on-chain, GDPR-compliant, easily searched, with js & py drivers 🤯
• Introduce an advanced Fee structure both for Marketplace and Provider runners 💰
• Roles Administration: there are now multiple roles for a more flexible administration both at NFT and ERC20 levels 👥
• When the NFT is transferred, it auto-updates all permissions, e.g. who receives payment, or who can mint derivative ERC20 datatokens.
• Key-value store in the NFT contract: NFT contract can be used to store custom key-value pairs (ERC725Y standard) enabling applications like soulbound tokens and Sybil protection approaches 🗃️
• Multiple NFT template support: the Factory can deploy different types of NFT templates 🖼️
• Multiple datatoken template support: the Factory can deploy different types of datatoken templates.

In the forthcoming pages, you will discover more information about the key features. If you have any inquiries or find anything missing, feel free to contact the core team on Discord 💬