Extra Info on Data NFTs (#1116)

* Adding fractional ownership content

* Adding additional info on roles

* Adding content on what is a Data NFT

* Adding more info on the implementation

* Small fix

core-concepts/datanft-and-datatoken.md

@@ -13,7 +13,19 @@ Fungible tokens represent fungible assets. If you have 5 ETH and Alice has 5 ETH
 
 ![Data NFT and datatoken](../.gitbook/assets/datanft-and-datatoken.png)
 
-### High-Level Architecture
+## What is a Data NFT?
+
+A data NFT represents the copyright (or exclusive license against copyright) for a data asset on the blockchain — we call this the “base IP”. When a user publishes a dataset in OceanOnda V4, they create a new NFT as part of the process. This data NFT is proof of your claim of base IP. Assuming a valid claim, you are entitled to the revenue from that asset, just like a title deed gives you the right to receive rent.
+
+The data NFT smart contract holds metadata about the data asset, stores roles like “who can mint datatokens” or “who controls fees”, and an open-ended key-value store to enable custom fields.
+
+If you have the private key that controls the NFT, you are the owner of that NFT. The owner has the claim on the base IP and is the default recipient of any revenue. They can also assign another account to receive revenue. This enables the publisher to sell their base IP and the revenues that come with it. When the Data NFT is transferred to another user, all the information about roles and where the revenue should be sent is reset. The default recipient of the revenue is the new owner of the data NFT.
+
+### Data NFTs Open Up New Possibilities
+
+With data NFTs, you are able to take advantage of the wider NFT ecosystem and all the tools and possibilities that come with it. As a first example, many leading crypto wallets have first-class support for NFTs, allowing you to manage data NFTs from those wallets. Or, you can post your data NFT for sale on a popular NFT marketplace like [OpenSea](https://www.opensea.io/) or [Rarible](https://www.rarible.com/). As a final example, we’re excited to see [data NFTs linked to physical items via WiseKey chips](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/05/19/2232106/0/en/WISeKey-partners-with-Ocean-Protocol-to-launch-TrustedNFT-io-a-decentralized-marketplace-for-objects-of-value-designed-to-empower-artists-creators-and-collectors-with-a-unique-solu.html).
+
+## High-Level Architecture
 
 The image above describes how ERC721 data NFTs, ERC20 datatokens, and AMMs relate.
 
@@ -30,10 +42,24 @@ The image above describes how ERC721 data NFTs, ERC20 datatokens, and AMMs relat
 
 ### Implementation in Ocean Protocol
 
-Ocean Protocol defines the [ERC721Factory](https://github.com/oceanprotocol/contracts/blob/v4main/contracts/ERC721Factory.sol) contract, allowing **Base IP holders** to create their ERC721 contract instances on any supported networks. The deployed contract stores Metadata, ownership, sub-license information, permissions. The contract creator can also create and mint ERC20 token instances for sub-licensing the **Base IP**.
+We have implemented data NFTs using the [ERC721 standard](https://erc721.org/). Ocean Protocol defines the [ERC721Factory](https://github.com/oceanprotocol/contracts/blob/v4main/contracts/ERC721Factory.sol) contract, allowing **Base IP holders** to create their ERC721 contract instances on any supported networks. The deployed contract stores Metadata, ownership, sub-license information, permissions. The contract creator can also create and mint ERC20 token instances for sub-licensing the **Base IP**.
 
 ERC721 tokens are non-fungible, thus cannot be used for automatic price discovery like ERC20 tokens. ERC721 and ERC20 combined together can be used for sub-licensing. Ocean Protocol's [ERC721Template](https://github.com/oceanprotocol/contracts/blob/v4main/contracts/templates/ERC721Template.sol) solves this problem by using ERC721 for tokenizing the **Base IP** and tokenizing sub-licenses by using ERC20. Thus, sub-licenses can be traded on any AMM as the underlying contract is ERC20 compliant.
 
+Our implementation has been built on top of the battle-tested [OpenZeppelin contract library](https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/erc721). However, there are a bunch of interesting parts of our implementation that go a bit beyond an out-of-the-box NFT.
+
+OceanOnda V4’s data NFT factory can deploy different types of data NFTs based on a variety of templates. Some templates could be tuned for data unions, others for DeFi, and others yet for enterprise use cases.
+
+Something else that we’re super excited about in our data NFTs is a cutting-edge standard called [ERC725](https://github.com/ERC725Alliance/erc725/blob/main/docs/ERC-725.md) being driven by our friends at [Lukso](https://lukso.network/about). The ERC725y feature enables the NFT owner (or a user with the “store updater” role) to input and update information in a key-value store. These values can be viewed externally by anyone.
+
+ERC725y is incredibly flexible and can be used to store any string; you could use it for anything from additional metadata to encrypted values. This helps future-proof the data NFTs and ensure that they are suitable for a wide range of projects that have not been launched yet. As you can imagine, the inclusion of ERC725y has huge potential and we look forward to seeing the different ways people end up using it. If you’re interested in using this, take a look at [EIP725](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-725#erc725y).
+
+Continuing the theme of flexibility, for a given data NFT, you can have one or more ERC20 datatoken contracts. Here’s the main idea: 1.0 datatokens allows you to consume the corresponding dataset. Put another way, it’s a sub-license from the base IP to be able to use the dataset according to the license terms (when you send it to the publisher). License terms can be set from a “good default”, or by the Data NFT owner. ERC20 fungible token standard is a natural choice for datatokens, because licenses themselves are fungible: one license can be exchanged 1:1 another. Using the ERC20 standard enables interoperability of datatokens with ERC20-based wallets, DEXes, DAOs, and more. Datatokens can be given (simply transferred), purchased on a marketplace / exchange, airdropped, etc.
+
+You can publish a data NFT initially with no ERC20 datatoken contracts. This means you simply aren’t ready to grant access to your data asset yet (sub-license it). Then, you can publish one or more ERC20 datatoken contracts against the data NFT. One datatoken contract might grant consume rights for 1 day, another for 1 week, etc. Each different datatoken contract is for different license terms.
+
+Ocean provides convenient methods to list ERC20 datatokens for sale, with fixed-price (atomic swap), or for free. Like any ERC20 token, datatokens may be listed in many decentralised exchanges (DEXes), centralised exchanges (CEXes), over-the-counter, or otherwise.
+
 ### High-Level Behavior
 
 ![Flow](<../.gitbook/assets/use case>)
@@ -56,6 +82,24 @@ The details regarding currently supported datatoken templates are as follows:
 
 _NOTE: Ocean Protocol might support additional variations of data NFT/datatoken by adding new templates._
 
+### Fractional Ownership
+
+Fractional ownership is an exciting sub-niche of Web3, at the intersection of NFTs and DeFi. IT allows co-ownership of data IP.
+
+Ocean provides two approaches to fractional ownership:
+
+- Sharded holding of ERC20 datatokens, where each ERC20 holder has the usual datatoken rights as described above, e.g. 1.0 datatokens to consume an asset. This comes out-of-the-box with Ocean.
+
+- Sharding ERC721 data NFT, where each co-holder has right to some earnings against base IP, and co-controls the data NFT. For example, there’s a DAO with the sole purpose to hold the data NFT; this DAO has its own ERC20 token; DAO members vote with tokens to update data NFT roles or deploy ERC20 datatokens against the ERC721.
+
+Note: For (2), one might consider doing sharding with something like Niftex. But then there are questions: what rights do the shard-holders get exactly? It could be zero; for example, Amazon shareholders don’t have the right to walk the hallways of the Amazon offices just because they hold shares. Secondly, how do the shard-holders control the data NFT? These questions get resolved by using a tokenized DAO, as described above.
+
+Data DAOs are a cool use case whenever you have a group of people that wish to co-manage data, or bundle up data for larger collective bargaining power. The DAO may be a union, co-op, or trust.
+
+Consider the following mobile app example. You install the app; it has a built-in crypto wallet; you give the app permission to see your location data; the app gets the DAO to sell your (anonymized) location data on your behalf; the DAO sells your data bundled along with thousands of other DAO members; as a DAO member you get a cut of the profits.
+
+This has several variants. Each member’s data feed could be its own data NFT with associated datatokens. Or, there’s simply one data NFT aggregating datafeeds across all members into a single feed, and the feed is fractionalized by sharded holding of ERC20 tokens (1 above) or sharding the ERC721 data NFT (2 above). If you’re interested in starting a data union then we recommend getting in touch with our friends at [Data Union](https://www.dataunion.app/).
+
 ### Other References
 
 * [Data & NFTs 1: Practical Connections of ERC721 with Intellectual Property](https://blog.oceanprotocol.com/nfts-ip-1-practical-connections-of-erc721-with-intellectual-property-dc216aaf005d)

core-concepts/roles.md

@@ -5,6 +5,38 @@ description: The permissions stored on chain in the contracts control the access
 
 The permissions are stored in the data NFT (ERC721) smart contract. The data NFT (ERC721) and datatoken (ERC20) smart contracts both use this information to restrict access to the smart contract functions. The tables below list restricted actions that are accessible only to the allowed users.
 
+## What Roles Can The Data NFT Owner Assign?
+
+The data NFT is the base IP for the asset and all the datatokens are therefore linked to the data NFT smart contract — this has enabled us to do a bunch of cool new things around role administration. We’ve introduced a host of useful roles which give you flexibility in how you manage your project. This can be a big help for enterprises and startups who are ready to scale up and introduce a level of administration.
+
+### NFT Owner
+
+The NFT owner is the owner of the base-IP and is therefore at the highest level. The NFT owner can perform any action or assign any role but crucially, the NFT owner is the only one who can assign the manager role. Upon deployment or transfer of the data NFT, the NFT owner is automatically added as a manager. The NFT owner is also the only role that can’t be assigned to multiple users — the only way to share this role is via multi-sig or a DAO.
+
+### Manager
+
+The manager can assign or revoke three main roles (deployer, metadata updater, store updater). The manager is also able to interact with the ERC725 data.
+
+### ERC20 Deployer
+
+The Deployer has a bunch of privileges at the ERC20 datatoken level. They can deploy new datatokens with fixed price exchange, or free pricing. They can also update the ERC725Y key-value store and assign roles the ERC20 level.
+
+### Metadata Updater
+
+There is also a specific role for updating the metadata. The Metadata updater has the ability to update the information about the data asset (title, description, sample data etc) that is displayed to the user on the asset detail page within the market.
+
+### Store Updater
+
+The store updater can store, remove or update any arbitrary key value using the ERC725Y implementation (at the ERC721 level). The use case for this role depends a lot on what data is being stored in the ERC725Y key-value pair — as mentioned above, this is highly flexible.
+
+### Minter
+
+The Minter has the ability to mint new datatokens, provided the limit has not been exceeded. In most cases, this role will not be used as the alternative is for the datatokens to be minted by the side-staking bot which has many advantages. We highly recommend taking a read of this article if you’re interested in learning more about safer staking and one-sided staking.
+
+### Fee Manager
+
+Finally, we also have a fee manager which has the ability to set a new fee collector — this is the account that will receive the datatokens when a data asset is consumed. If no fee collector account has been set, the datatokens will be sent by default to the NFT Owner. The applicable fees (market and community fees) are automatically deducted from the datatokens that are received.
+
 ## Roles in data NFT (ERC721) smart contract
 
 | Action ↓ / Role →       | NFT Owner              | Manager                | ERC20 Deployer         | Store Updater          | Metadata Updater       |