# BEGIN HTML5 Boilerplate
# Apache Server Configs v2.7.1 | MIT License
# https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache
# (!) Using `.htaccess` files slows down Apache, therefore, if you have access
# to the main server config file (usually called `httpd.conf`), you should add
# this logic there: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/howto/htaccess.html.
# ##############################################################################
# # CROSS-ORIGIN RESOURCE SHARING (CORS) #
# ##############################################################################
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Cross-domain requests |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Allow cross-origin requests.
# http://enable-cors.org/
# http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/
# https://code.google.com/p/html5security/wiki/CrossOriginRequestSecurity
#
# Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
#
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# By default allow cross-origin access to web fonts.
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | CORS-enabled images |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Send the CORS header for images when browsers request it.
# https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/CORS_enabled_image
# http://blog.chromium.org/2011/07/using-cross-domain-images-in-webgl-and.html
# http://hacks.mozilla.org/2011/11/using-cors-to-load-webgl-textures-from-cross-domain-images/
SetEnvIf Origin ":" IS_CORS
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*" env=IS_CORS
# ##############################################################################
# # ERRORS #
# ##############################################################################
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | 404 error prevention |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Disable the pattern matching based on filenames.
# This setting prevents Apache from returning a 404 error as the result
# of a rewrite when the directory with the same name does not exist.
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/content-negotiation.html#multiviews
# http://www.webmasterworld.com/apache/3808792.htm
Options -MultiViews
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Custom error messages / pages |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Customize what Apache returns to the client in case of an error.
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#errordocument
ErrorDocument 404 /404/
# ##############################################################################
# # INTERNET EXPLORER #
# ##############################################################################
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Better website experience |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Force Internet Explorer to render pages in the highest available
# mode in the various cases when it may not.
# https://hsivonen.fi/doctype/#ie8
Header set X-UA-Compatible "IE=edge"
# `mod_headers` cannot match based on the content-type, however, this header
# should be send only for HTML documents and not for the other resources
Header unset X-UA-Compatible
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Cookie setting from iframes |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Allow cookies to be set from iframes in Internet Explorer.
# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms537343.aspx
# http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-P3P-20001215/
#
# Header set P3P "policyref=\"/w3c/p3p.xml\", CP=\"IDC DSP COR ADM DEVi TAIi PSA PSD IVAi IVDi CONi HIS OUR IND CNT\""
#
# ##############################################################################
# # MEDIA TYPES AND CHARACTER ENCODINGS #
# ##############################################################################
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Media types |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Serve resources with the proper media types (formerly known as MIME types).
# http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml
# Audio
AddType audio/mp4 f4a f4b m4a
AddType audio/ogg oga ogg opus
# Data interchange
AddType application/json json map topojson
AddType application/ld+json jsonld
AddType application/vnd.geo+json geojson
# JavaScript
# Normalize to standard type.
# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4329#section-7.2
AddType application/javascript js
# Manifest files
# If you are providing a web application manifest file (see the
# specification: http://w3c.github.io/manifest/), it is recommended
# that you serve it with the `application/manifest+json` media type.
#
# Because the web application manifest file doesn't have its own
# unique file extension, you can set its media type either by matching:
#
# 1) the exact location of the file (this can be done using a directive
# such as ``, but it will NOT work in the `.htaccess` file,
# so you will have to do it in the main server configuration file or
# inside of a `` container)
#
# e.g.:
#
#
# AddType application/manifest+json json
#
#
# 2) the filename (this can be problematic as you will need to ensure
# that you don't have any other file with the same name as the one
# you gave to your web application manifest file)
#
# e.g.:
#
#
# AddType application/manifest+json json
#
AddType application/x-web-app-manifest+json webapp
AddType text/cache-manifest appcache manifest
# Video
AddType video/mp4 f4v f4p m4v mp4
AddType video/ogg ogv
AddType video/webm webm
AddType video/x-flv flv
# Web fonts
AddType application/font-woff woff
AddType application/font-woff2 woff2
AddType application/vnd.ms-fontobject eot
# Browsers usually ignore the font media types and simply sniff
# the bytes to figure out the font type.
# http://mimesniff.spec.whatwg.org/#matching-a-font-type-pattern
# Chrome however, shows a warning if any other media types are used
# for the following two font types.
AddType application/x-font-ttf ttc ttf
AddType font/opentype otf
AddType image/svg+xml svg svgz
# Other
AddType application/octet-stream safariextz
AddType application/x-chrome-extension crx
AddType application/x-opera-extension oex
AddType application/x-xpinstall xpi
AddType application/xml atom rdf rss xml
AddType image/webp webp
AddType image/x-icon cur ico
AddType text/vtt vtt
AddType text/x-component htc
AddType text/x-vcard vcf
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Character encodings |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set `UTF-8` as the character encoding for all resources served with
# the media type of `text/html` or `text/plain`.
AddDefaultCharset utf-8
# Set `UTF-8` as the character encoding for other certain resources.
AddCharset utf-8 .atom \
.css \
.geojson \
.js \
.json \
.jsonld \
.rss \
.topojson \
.vtt \
.webapp \
.xml
# ##############################################################################
# # URL REWRITES #
# ##############################################################################
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Rewrite engine |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# (1) Turn on the rewrite engine
# (this is necessary in order for the `RewriteRule` directives to work).
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_rewrite.html#RewriteEngine
#
# (2) Enable the `FollowSymLinks` option if it isn't already.
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#options
#
# (3) If your web host doesn't allow the `FollowSymlinks` option, you may
# need to comment it out and use `Options +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch`, but
# be aware of the performance impact.
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/misc/perf-tuning.html#symlinks
#
# (4) Some cloud hosting services will also require `RewriteBase` to be set.
# http://www.rackspace.com/knowledge_center/frequently-asked-question/why-is-modrewrite-not-working-on-my-site
#
# (5) Depending on how your server is set up, you may need to use the
# `RewriteOptions` directive to enable some options for the rewrite engine.
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriteoptions
# (1)
RewriteEngine On
# (2)
Options +FollowSymlinks
# (3)
# Options +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
# (4)
# RewriteBase /
# (5)
# RewriteOptions
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Suppressing / Forcing the `www.` at the beginning of URLs |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The same content should never be available under two different URLs,
# especially not with and without `www.` at the beginning. This can cause
# SEO problems (duplicate content), and therefore, you should choose one
# of the alternatives and redirect the other one.
# By default `Option 1` (no `www.`) is activated.
# http://no-www.org/faq.php?q=class_b
# If you would prefer to use `Option 2`, just comment out all the lines
# from `Option 1` and uncomment the ones from `Option 2`.
# IMPORTANT: NEVER USE BOTH RULES AT THE SAME TIME!
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Option 1: rewrite www.example.com → example.com
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.(.+)$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^ http://%1%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Option 2: rewrite example.com → www.example.com
# Be aware that the following might not be a good idea if you use "real"
# subdomains for certain parts of your website.
#
# RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
# RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
# RewriteCond %{SERVER_ADDR} !=127.0.0.1
# RewriteCond %{SERVER_ADDR} !=::1
# RewriteRule ^ http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
#
# ##############################################################################
# # SECURITY #
# ##############################################################################
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Clickjacking |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Protect website against clickjacking.
# The example below sends the `X-Frame-Options` response header with the value
# `DENY`, informing browsers not to display the web page content in any frame.
# This might not be the best setting for everyone. You should read about the
# other two possible values for `X-Frame-Options`: `SAMEORIGIN` & `ALLOW-FROM`.
# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7034#section-2.1
# Keep in mind that while you could send the `X-Frame-Options` header for all
# of your site’s pages, this has the potential downside that it forbids even
# non-malicious framing of your content (e.g.: when users visit your site using
# a Google Image Search results page).
# Nonetheless, you should ensure that you send the `X-Frame-Options` header for
# all pages that allow a user to make a state changing operation (e.g: pages
# that contain one-click purchase links, checkout or bank-transfer confirmation
# pages, pages that make permanent configuration changes, etc.).
# Sending the `X-Frame-Options` header can also protect your website against
# more than just clickjacking attacks: https://cure53.de/xfo-clickjacking.pdf.
# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7034
# http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2010/03/30/combating-clickjacking-with-x-frame-options.aspx
# https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Clickjacking
#
# Header set X-Frame-Options "DENY"
#
# Header unset X-Frame-Options
#
#
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Content Security Policy (CSP) |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Mitigate the risk of cross-site scripting and other content-injection attacks.
# This can be done by setting a `Content Security Policy` which whitelists
# trusted sources of content for your website.
# The example header below allows ONLY scripts that are loaded from the current
# site's origin (no inline scripts, no CDN, etc). This almost certainly won't
# work as-is for your site!
# For more details on how to craft a reasonable policy for your site, read:
# http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/security/content-security-policy/ (or
# the specification: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP11/). Also, to make things easier,
# you can use an online CSP header generator such as: http://cspisawesome.com/.
#
# Header set Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self'; object-src 'self'"
#
# Header unset Content-Security-Policy
#
#
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | File access |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Block access to directories without a default document.
# You should leave the following uncommented, as you shouldn't allow anyone to
# surf through every directory on your server (which may includes rather private
# places such as the CMS's directories).
Options -Indexes
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Block access to all hidden files and directories with the exception of the
# visible content from within the `/.well-known/` hidden directory.
# These types of files usually contain user preferences or the preserved state
# of an utility, and can include rather private places like, for example, the
# `.git` or `.svn` directories.
# The `/.well-known/` directory represents the standard (RFC 5785) path prefix
# for "well-known locations" (e.g.: `/.well-known/manifest.json`,
# `/.well-known/keybase.txt`), and therefore, access to its visible content
# should not be blocked.
# https://www.mnot.net/blog/2010/04/07/well-known
# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5785
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} "!(^|/)\.well-known/([^./]+./?)+$" [NC]
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Block access to files that can expose sensitive information.
# By default, block access to backup and source files that may be left by some
# text editors and can pose a security risk when anyone has access to them.
# http://feross.org/cmsploit/
# IMPORTANT: Update the `` regular expression from below to include
# any files that might end up on your production server and can expose sensitive
# information about your website. These files may include: configuration files,
# files that contain metadata about the project (e.g.: project dependencies),
# build scripts, etc..
# Apache < 2.3
Order allow,deny
Deny from all
Satisfy All
# Apache ≥ 2.3
Require all denied
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Reducing MIME type security risks |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prevent some browsers from MIME-sniffing the response.
# This reduces exposure to drive-by download attacks and cross-origin data
# leaks, and should be left uncommented, especially if the web server is
# serving user-uploaded content or content that could potentially be treated
# as executable by the browser.
# http://www.slideshare.net/hasegawayosuke/owasp-hasegawa
# http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2008/07/02/ie8-security-part-v-comprehensive-protection.aspx
# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/gg622941.aspx
# http://mimesniff.spec.whatwg.org/
Header set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# (1) Try to re-enable the Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) filter built into the
# most recent web browsers.
#
# The filter is usually enabled by default, but in some cases it may be
# disabled by the user. However, in Internet Explorer for example, it can
# be re-enabled just by sending the `X-XSS-Protection` header with the
# value of `1`.
#
# (2) Prevent web browsers from rendering the web page if a potential reflected
# (a.k.a non-persistent) XSS attack is detected by the filter.
#
# By default, if the filter is enabled and browsers detect a reflected
# XSS attack, they will attempt to block the attack by making the smallest
# possible modifications to the returned web page.
#
# Unfortunately, in some browsers (e.g.: Internet Explorer), this default
# behavior may allow the XSS filter to be exploited, thereby, it's better
# to tell browsers to prevent the rendering of the page altogether, instead
# of attempting to modify it.
#
# http://hackademix.net/2009/11/21/ies-xss-filter-creates-xss-vulnerabilities
#
# IMPORTANT: Do not rely on the XSS filter to prevent XSS attacks! Ensure that
# you are taking all possible measures to prevent XSS attacks, the most obvious
# being: validating and sanitizing your site's inputs.
#
# http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2008/07/02/ie8-security-part-iv-the-xss-filter.aspx
# http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2011/01/31/controlling-the-internet-explorer-xss-filter-with-the-x-xss-protection-http-header.aspx
# https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-site_Scripting_%28XSS%29
#
# # (1) (2)
# Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
#
# Header unset X-XSS-Protection
#
#
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Rewrite secure requests properly in order to prevent SSL certificate warnings.
# E.g.: prevent `https://www.example.com` when your certificate only allows
# `https://secure.example.com`.
#
# RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^443
# RewriteRule ^ https://example-domain-please-change-me.com%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
#
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Force client-side SSL redirection.
# If a user types `example.com` in his browser, the above rule will redirect
# him to the secure version of the site. That still leaves a window of
# opportunity (the initial HTTP connection) for an attacker to downgrade or
# redirect the request.
# The following header ensures that browser will ONLY connect to your server
# via HTTPS, regardless of what the users type in the address bar.
# http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-websec-strict-transport-sec-14#section-6.1
# http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/security/transport-layer-security/
# IMPORTANT: Remove the `includeSubDomains` optional directive if the subdomains
# are not using HTTPS.
#
# Header set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=16070400; includeSubDomains"
#
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Server software information |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Avoid displaying the exact Apache version number, the description of the
# generic OS-type and the information about Apache's compiled-in modules.
# IMPORTANT: The `ServerTokens` directive will not work in the `.htaccess` file,
# so you will need to add the following in the main server configuration file.
# ServerTokens Prod
# ##############################################################################
# # WEB PERFORMANCE #
# ##############################################################################
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Compression |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Force compression for mangled headers.
# https://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/pushing-beyond-gzipping-25601.html
SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Mark certain resources as been compressed in order to:
#
# 1) prevent Apache from recompressing them
# 2) ensure that they are served with the correct
# `Content-Encoding` HTTP response header
AddEncoding gzip svgz
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Compress all output labeled with one of the following media types.
# IMPORTANT: For Apache versions below 2.3.7 you don't need to enable
# `mod_filter` and can remove the `` & ``
# lines as `AddOutputFilterByType` is still in the core directives.
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE "application/atom+xml" \
"application/javascript" \
"application/json" \
"application/ld+json" \
"application/manifest+json" \
"application/rss+xml" \
"application/vnd.geo+json" \
"application/vnd.ms-fontobject" \
"application/x-font-ttf" \
"application/x-web-app-manifest+json" \
"application/xhtml+xml" \
"application/xml" \
"font/opentype" \
"image/svg+xml" \
"image/x-icon" \
"text/cache-manifest" \
"text/css" \
"text/html" \
"text/plain" \
"text/vtt" \
"text/x-component" \
"text/xml"
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Content transformation |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prevent mobile network providers from modifying the website's content.
# http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9.5.
#
# Header merge Cache-Control "no-transform"
#
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | ETags |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Remove `ETags` as resources are sent with far-future expires headers.
# https://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html#etags
# `FileETag None` doesn't work in all cases.
Header unset ETag
FileETag None
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Expires headers |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Serve resources with far-future expires headers.
# IMPORTANT: If you don't control versioning with filename-based cache
# busting, consider lowering the cache times to something like one week.
ExpiresActive on
ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"
# CSS
ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 year"
# Data interchange
ExpiresByType application/json "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByType application/ld+json "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByType application/vnd.geo+json "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByType application/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByType text/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
# Favicon (cannot be renamed!) and cursor images
ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 1 week"
# HTML components (HTCs)
ExpiresByType text/x-component "access plus 1 month"
# HTML
ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 0 seconds"
# JavaScript
ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 year"
# Manifest files
ExpiresByType application/manifest+json "access plus 1 year"
ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest "access plus 0 seconds"
# Media
ExpiresByType audio/ogg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType video/mp4 "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType video/ogg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType video/webm "access plus 1 month"
# Web feeds
ExpiresByType application/atom+xml "access plus 1 hour"
ExpiresByType application/rss+xml "access plus 1 hour"
# Web fonts
ExpiresByType application/font-woff "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType application/font-woff2 "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType font/opentype "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 month"
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Filename-based cache busting |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# If you're not using a build process to manage your filename version revving,
# you might want to consider enabling the following directives to route all
# requests such as `/css/style.12345.css` to `/css/style.css`.
# To understand why this is important and a better idea than `*.css?v231`, read:
# http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/
#
# RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
# RewriteRule ^(.+)\.(\d+)\.(css|cur|gif|ico|jpe?g|js|png|svgz?|webp)$ $1.$3 [L]
#
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | File concatenation |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Allow concatenation from within specific files.
# e.g.:
#
# If you have the following lines in a file called, for example,
# `main.combined.js`:
#
#
#
#
# Apache will replace those lines with the content of the specified files.
#
#
#
# Options +Includes
# AddOutputFilterByType INCLUDES application/javascript
# SetOutputFilter INCLUDES
#
#
#
# Options +Includes
# AddOutputFilterByType INCLUDES text/css
# SetOutputFilter INCLUDES
#
#
#
# END HTML5 Boilerplate
# Rewrite post urls
RewriteBase /
# redirect all index.html to parent folder
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^(.*/)index\.html$ [NC]
RewriteRule . %1 [R=301,NE,L]
# redirect to leading trailing slash
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !(.*)/$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://%{HTTP_HOST}/$1/ [L,R=301]
# Remove date from post permalinks
RedirectMatch 301 ^/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/(.*)$ /$3
# Old Content Redirects
Redirect 301 /lab http://lab.kremalicious.com
Redirect 301 /csspaperstack /lab/csspaperstack
Redirect 301 /download /media
Redirect 301 /portfolio http://matthiaskretschmann.com